102 Causal Relationships Professor Ramos Blog

102 Causal Relationships The Evaluation Self-Evaluation The Evaluation Self-Evaluation Take ten minutes and round out the assessment sheet for your article. Contemplate your paper. Allot a number from 0-3 for every one of the rules and round out the remark area. Be compact since you don't have a ton of room. You can give yourself an evaluation or surrender it over to me. On the off chance that I concur with your assessment, you will win additional credit focuses, a knock in your score. Causal Relationships As a class, we are going to obviously characterize the sorts of causal connections: important adequate hastening proximate remote complementary causes contributing components Causality: the relationship of circumstances and logical results When you comprehend these ideas, the outlines you make to delineate and impact can turn out to be increasingly mind boggling. You ought to recognize the sorts of causal connections on your graphs (you may utilize various kinds of bolts, various hues, or basically marks to show what sort of cause is being mapped). Essential Cause: any factor that must be set up for something to happen. Adequate Cause: is a condition that consistently delivers the impact being referred to. Encouraging Cause: the famous straw that crushes a camel’s spirit. Proximate Cause: close by and frequently simple to spot. Remote Cause: may act at some good ways from an occasion yet be intently attached to it. Complementary Cause: you have an equal circumstance when a reason prompts an impact that, thusly, reinforces the reason. Contributing Factors: add to the causes to achieve the impact. For what reason is society so intrigued with sequential executioners? Ed Gein Documentary Speedy Write For what reason did Ed Gein submit those homicides? Outlining Cause and Effect Let us outline the circumstances and end results of a beast. Tips Dont make a hasty judgment Value your cutoff points. We dont know why so we need to follow the proof from impact to cause. Offer adequate proof for claims

Free Essays on Not A Glass Act

Do you think everything that you read? Indeed, perhaps you shouldn’t. In the wake of composing the article â€Å"Hack Heaven†, it has been found that Stephen Glass, a youthful author from The New Republic has been making up cites, individuals, spots, occasions, and now and again entire stories. Glass realized how to hoodwink his editors since he was one once himself. He composed fake notes, made fake sites, and telephone numbers. Stephen Glass, who moved on from the University of Pennsylvania, began working at The New Republic in 1995. The lying began when he was composing a story for The New Republic not long after he started working there. During a meeting with Glass he stated, â€Å"Like a stock diagram, there’s going to be special cases in this. In any case, the general pattern of the narratives is that they began with a couple of made up subtleties and statements. What's more, allowed a couple too much, obviously. Be that as it may, a couple. And afterward they advanced into stories that were totally manufactured. Just totally made up out of entire cloth.† â€Å"Hack Heaven† was around a multi year old, Ian Restil, who hacked into a product organization called Jukt Micronics and was then extended to an employment opportunity by the organization with the assistance of his operator, Joe Hiert. The article likewise said that there was a radio notice in Nevada asking â€Å"Would you enlist a shoplifter to watch the sales register? It would be ideal if you don’t manage hackers.† Subsequent to perusing the article, Adam Penenberg, an author at Forbes Digital, attempted to follow Jukt Micronics. He didn’t discover a site, a record of the organization regularly making good on duties, and it wasn’t recorded under any of California’s region codes. There was no proof of the organization ever existing. Forbes informed Charles Lane, the official proofreader for The New Republic from 1997-1999, and disclosed to him that they were making some hard memories demonstrating each reality. Path at that point disclosed to Glass that he required a rundown of the entirety of the sources and how to contact them. Glass came back with the telephone numbers and e-m... Free Essays on Not A Glass Act Free Essays on Not A Glass Act Do you think everything that you read? All things considered, perhaps you shouldn’t. Subsequent to composing the article â€Å"Hack Heaven†, it has been found that Stephen Glass, a youthful author from The New Republic has been making up cites, individuals, spots, occasions, and at times entire stories. Glass realized how to trick his editors since he was one once himself. He composed fake notes, made fake sites, and telephone numbers. Stephen Glass, who moved on from the University of Pennsylvania, began working at The New Republic in 1995. The lying began when he was composing a story for The New Republic not long after he started working there. During a meeting with Glass he stated, â€Å"Like a stock chart, there’s going to be special cases in this. In any case, the general pattern of the narratives is that they began with a couple of made up subtleties and statements. Also, conceded a couple too much, obviously. However, a couple. And afterward they advanced into stories that were totally created. Just totally made up out of entire cloth.† â€Å"Hack Heaven† was around a multi year old, Ian Restil, who hacked into a product organization called Jukt Micronics and was then extended to an employment opportunity by the organization with the assistance of his operator, Joe Hiert. The article likewise said that there was a radio commercial in Nevada asking â€Å"Would you enlist a shoplifter to watch the sales register? If you don't mind don’t manage hackers.† In the wake of perusing the article, Adam Penenberg, an author at Forbes Digital, attempted to follow Jukt Micronics. He didn’t discover a site, a record of the organization regularly settling expenses, and it wasn’t recorded under any of California’s region codes. There was no proof of the organization ever existing. Forbes informed Charles Lane, the official editorial manager for The New Republic from 1997-1999, and disclosed to him that they were making some hard memories demonstrating each reality. Path at that point disclosed to Glass that he required a rundown of the entirety of the sources and how to contact them. Glass came back with the telephone numbers and e-m...

Escalante, Silvestre Vélez de

Escalante, Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, Silvestre Vélez de selva ´stra va ´lath da askälän ´ta [key], fl. 1769â€"79, Spanish explorer in the American Southwest and Far West, a Franciscan missionary. He was in charge of Pueblo missions in present New Mexico and led the expedition that hoped to establish overland communications with Monterey in Alta California. A preliminary journey in 1775 took him to the Hopi towns in N Arizona, and in 1776 he led an expedition from Santa Fe that crossed land that is now Colorado and part of Utah, reaching Utah Lakeâ€"the first white men known to have seen the Utah country. Mountain snows in the Sierra Nevada prevented him from going on to California, and with great hardship the party returned to Santa Fe. Escalante kept a singularly accurate journal, which was signed also by his associate and superior, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez. See H. Bolton, ed., Pageant in the Wilderness (1951). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia Univers ity Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Privacy s Perception Of Privacy - 1161 Words

This ever-present, Big Brother-like surveillance messes with people’s perceptions of their privacy. Naturally, when you are constantly being watched by someone or something, you perceive a loss of privacy. â€Å"People are concerned about privacy; they are afraid that the digital systems they use on an everyday basis may bring unwanted effects into their lives.† (Lahlou, 2008, p. 300) In his article, Lahlou presents an alternate way of viewing privacy that better SOMETHING HERE Lahlou points out that â€Å"Privacy was initially understood as ‘the right to be left alone’ and sometimes ‘encryption.’† (Lahlou, 2008, p. 312) This definition seems like it applies in the case of Harris’s experiments, the Panopticon, and the Internet as whole; we know we†¦show more content†¦A back region or backstage can be defined as a place, relative, to a given performance, where the impression fostered by the performance is knowingly contra dicted as a matter of course.† (Goffman, 1959, p. 69) The information someone presents about themselves in their front region differs from the information that person presents in the back region. Lahlou draws a Goffman’s idea of a front and back stage to define what he calls the face. He defines a face as a sort of expected role. â€Å"The face is what a subject ‘is’ at a given moment.† (Lahlour, 2008, p. 317) Different types of faces include â€Å"expert, a manager, a project member, a company employee, a friend, etc† (Lahlou, 2008, p.314) He defines being in private when one does not have to wear a specific face. The transition from face to face could be analogous to the transition between front stage and backstage. When a person is alone, they are a combination of all of their faces; they do not have to put any particular face because there is no expected role when they are alone. In somewhat of a contrast to the ‘traditional’ view of privacy, Lahlou claims that â€Å"privacy issues emerged from role conflicts between activities.† (Lahlou, 2008, p.

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One of My Worst Days Free Essays

I received unbelievable news that changed my life forever. While sitting at â€Å"Designing U† hair salon with my mother Lashed all morning, boredom soon kicked in. I logged onto Backbone and started reading many deviating posts that all mentioned a guy named Drew. We will write a custom essay sample on One of My Worst Days or any similar topic only for you Order Now As time went by, I started to wonder was everyone talking about my church friend Dander Johnson. Once realization set in, my biggest fear became true. While continuing to read the Backbone posts, I came across Dress cousin Davison Johnson status. Davison explained how he couldn’t believe something this tragic appended, â€Å"Drew was the light of everyone eyes, he was always caring and helping anyone with anything†, says Davison. Not only was Drew his cousin they were like two peas in a pod. From going to the same school all their lives , to becoming stars on Bilabial High School football team. As minutes passed by my father Charles contacted my mother lashed and l. He informed us that Drew had been out all morning with two of his friends. The two other teenagers were a boy and a girl, whom I don’t know personally till this day. The young lady was known to be the driver, according to her, while driving down highway 78, he swerved to dodge another vehicle and lost control of the car. With the vehicle flipping and neither of the teens wearing seat-belts it didn’t make the situation better. The two teens were rushed to the RE and My church friend Drew was pronounced dead at the scene. I had many unanswered questions to why this occurred. For instance, â€Å"Why did Drew have to be the only one? † â€Å"Why couldn’t he leave this world a peaceful way† and â€Å"Why couldn’t his family and I see him walk across the stage this year? â€Å". Drew would’ve been a senior this year and would’ve had the chance to shine on the football like he Ovid doing. His football number, #52, was spray painted onto BBS football field as the team played in the playoffs last November. Their school also recognized his family and framed his Jersey. This incident brought everyone closer. Till this day everyone still remembers him as the kid who dreamed to make it to the NFG one day and as the loving and caring person he was. I have realized that people’s leave sooner than expected and no longer question God because I know he makes no mistakes. I always tell myself that Drew and I will reunite one day. One of My Worst Days By Closures How to cite One of My Worst Days, Papers

The Appeal Of Belonging To A Gang Essays - Crime, Criminology, Gang

The Appeal Of Belonging To A Gang Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today's cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings' personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media, the government, theatre, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Money is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that s/he could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since nobody can completely turn off their minds, kids must be learning something while watching the TV. Very few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown this from a gang's perspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing how foully that gangs are living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang existance as acceptable. ?The Ends Justifies the Means' mentality is also taught through many shows where the goody guy captures the bad guy through violence and is then being commended. A young child sees this a perfectly acceptable because he knows that the bad guy was wrong but has no idea of what acceptable apprehensio n techniques are. Gore in television also takes a big part in influencing young minds. Children see gory scenes and are fascinated by these things that they have not seen before. Older viewers see gore and are not concerned with the blood but rather with the pain the victim must feel. A younger mind doesn't make this connection. Thus a gore fascination is formed, and has been seen in several of my peers. Unfortunately kids raised with this sort of television end up growing up with a stronger propensity to becoming a violent gang member or ?violent- acceptant' person. Gangs bring the delinquent norms of society into intimate contact with the individual.1, (Marshall B Clinard, 1963). So, as you can see if TV leads a child to believe that violence is the norm this will manifest itself in the actions of the child quite, often in a gang situation. This is especially the case when parents don't spend a lot of time with their kids at the TV explaining what is right and what is wrong. Quite often newer books and some types of music will enforce this type of thought and ideas. Once this mentality is installed in youngsters they become increasingly prone to being easily pushed into a gang situation by any problem at home or elsewhere. For instance, in poor families with many children or upper-middle class families where parents are always working, the children will often feel deprived of love. Parents can often feel that putting food on the table is enough love. Children of these families may often go to the gang firstly out of boredom and to belong somewhere. As time goes on, a form of love or kinship develops between the gang members and the child. It is then that the bond between

Argumentative synthesis on Same Sex Marriage Essays

Argumentative synthesis on Same Sex Marriage Essays Argumentative synthesis on Same Sex Marriage Essay Argumentative synthesis on Same Sex Marriage Essay n. d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. 16 States with Legal Gay Marriage and 33 States with Same-Sex Marriage Bans Gay Marriage ProCon. org. ProConorg Headlines. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Gordon A. Babst, Emily R. Gill, and Jason PiercesonMoral Argument, Religion, and Same-Sex Marriage: Advancing tne PuDllc n am MD: Lexington BadgettWhen Gay People Get Married: What Happens When Societies Legalize Same- Sex Marriage, New York: New York University Press, 2009. Sprigg, Peter. Gay Marriage Should Not Be Legal. Gay Marriage. Ed. Debra A. Miller. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from The Top Ten Harms of Same-Sex Marriage. Family Research Council, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. POLITICO. POLITICO. N. p. , n. d. web. 21 NOV. 2013.. Nicholas Confessore Beyond New York, Gay Marriage Faces Hurdles, New York Times, June 26, 2011. Cristen Conger Does a Parents Gender Impact a Childs Success? , Discovery News, January 28, 2010. http://news. discovery. com. Sara Israelsen-Hartley Traditional Marriage Has Impact Beyond Faith, Deseret News, January 27, 2011. www. deseretnews. com. Chris Johnson 2011 to Bring New Marriage Fights Across U. S. , Washington Blade, Janua ry 13, 2011. www. washingtonblade. com.

Owing to vs Due to

Owing to vs Due to Owing to vs Due to Owing to vs Due to By Maeve Maddox Steve Campbell asks for a post on â€Å"the choice between due to and owing to. There was a time that I felt very strongly about the difference between due to and owing to, zealously correcting misuse in student papers. After all, one of my most esteemed authorities, H.W. Fowler, has this to say in Modern English Usage: Under the influence of ANALOGY, due to is often used by the illiterate as though it had passed, like owing to, into a mere compound preposition. He gives such examples as these of due to being used incorrectly: The old trade union movement is a dead horse, largely due to the incompetency of the leaders. Rooks, probably due to the fact that they are so often shot at, have a profound distrust of man. The perceived error is that due to must be attached to a noun and not, says Fowler, to a notion extracted from a sentence . . . it is not the horse, [or] the distrust of the rooksthat are due, but the failure of the movement, the distrust of the rooks . . . Even now, I reach for an index card when I hear the local weatherman say, â€Å"The road is closed due to flooding.† Then I remind myself that the difference between due to and owing to is as much a dead horse as the â€Å"old trade union movement† in Fowler’s example. For those who wish to go on beating the horse, due to is adjectival and owing to is adverbial. The road was closed owing to flooding. For the road to be due to anything, it would have to be something that influenced the existence of the road: The road was due to the efforts of local citizens who voted to raise taxes for its construction. Here are two more examples for the sake of comparison: His accident was due to excessive alcohol consumption. His accident occurred owing to the fact that he was talking on his cell phone. For most English speakers due to and owing to have become interchangeable. Trying to preserve a distinction between them is pointless. I’d rather direct my energy to the defense of â€Å"I† as a subject pronoun. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsCaptain vs. Master

Alternative and Traditional Medicine Term Paper

Alternative and Traditional Medicine - Term Paper Example A sick person often seeks treatment from a practitioner who admire the most and belief. Traditional is regarded as the conservative kind of approach to treatment. Traditional medicine also referred to as western medicine specializes more on drugs and surgeries. It is often preferred in cases that are very serious and likely to cost someone life. Each style however has its own advantages and disadvantages and there is certainly no practitioner that has all answers regarding treatment. They are both good and complementary to each other. Traditional medicine includes modern health science such as surgery and associated practices. It is also referred to as contemporary or Western medicine (Gordon, 1993). On the other hand, Alternative medicine refers to the collection of skills, practices and knowledge based on old theories or experiences and comprising a wide range of procedures native to diverse cultures across the world. Alternative science refers to a combination of unconventional practices to diagnose, prevent or treat any form of illness (Gordon, 1993). It has been proven that traditional medicine, in most cases focuses on the factors causing the disease, prevention and remedies but the environment and circumstances under which the disease occurred is not considered as the system is limited to the study of an anomaly and ways to remove it (Gordon, 1993). Since it has evolved over the ages, the alternative approach varies according to person and place. An example of a practice under this category is the Chinese medicine. The underlying principle of this system is to consider the ailment as a dynamic entity of the system and seek a means to uproot its foundation. It considers the illness as an upset of balance between the body and its surroundings. Thus, it focuses on cleansing the whole system rather than eliminating the immediate cause of the disease. Traditional medicine practices focuses on a single

Criminal law foundation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal law foundation - Essay Example Some of the protected rights include assistance of counsel, protection against self-incrimination, just and speedy trial, right to confront the opposing witness and requirement that all infamous crimes be tried by a Grand jury as provided in 5th Amendment. Introduction The 4th, 5th and 6th Amendments of the US constitution provides for the safeguarded rights of accused persons. A criminal defendant whether an adult or juvenile has certain constitutional rights such as the right to be represented by a counsel, the right speedy trial, the right to a trial by a jury, the protection against self-incrimination and exclusionary right (Hall, 2012). The 4th Amendment protects the accused persons from any unlawful searches and seizures by the government authorities. The Exclusionary Rule provides that any evidence obtained by the law enforcement authorities is inadmissible before the court proceedings since it violates the 4th Amendment safeguarded rights (Hall, 2012). The Fifth Amendment pro tects the defendants from double jeopardy, and self-incrimination. Specifically, the Miranda warnings requires the police officers to warn the juveniles on the right to remain silent and right to give evidence in the company of any attorney since such evidence may be used against them in criminal proceedings (Hall, 2012). The fourth Amendment protects the accused from unreasonable searches and seizures. The exclusionary rule provides that evidence obtained illegally by government authorities is inadmissible in court proceedings since it violates the 4th Amendment (Scheb, 2009). The accused has the right to file a motion of suppress and prevent the prosecution using the illegally obtained evidence. This rule applies in seizures of weapons, stolen property and illegal drugs by the police authorities. In the case of Weeks v.US (1914) 232 U.S 383 , the court ruled that whereby the police authorities exceed their authority in obtaining evidence, such searches are void since they violate the accused rights under the 4th Amendment. However, Jones v, Kmart Corp, (1998) 17 Cal, App, 4th 329, 332, the judge ruled that evidence illegally obtained by individuals acting in a private capacity is not subject to the Exclusionary rule. The Exclusionary rule provides that evidence obtained from illegal searches may not form a basis for subsequent search or probable cause of the crime. The Exclusionary rule applies to all juvenile cases that have been filed according to the Welfare and Institutions Code. Some of the prohibited methods of obtaining evidence from the accused include torture, inhumane treatment, or any court-ordered surgical operation to remove a bullet from the defendant’s body. Some of the factors that courts observe in determining whether the evidence was obtained with the consent of the accused include the intelligence of defendant, the length of detention, the repetitiveness of questioning, and the use of physical punishment and age of the accused (Sama ha, 2012). According to the 5th amendment, citizens can not be charged with an â€Å"infamous† crime unless indicted by a grand jury. The Due process Claus of the Fifth Amendment of the US constitution prohibits the courts from courts from depriving the accused persons the right to liberty or property depending on the seriousness of the crime. The court procedural laws should ensure fairness and guarantee the accused the right to be heard. The 5th Amendment prote

Similarities Between Iranian And Malaysian Culture Religion Essay

Similarities Between Iranian And Malaysian Culture Religion Essay In this document some similarities between Iranian and Malaysian culture have been illustrated. Since both Iran and Malaysia are Muslim countries, there are many similarities between Iranian and Malaysian culture. For example I start with the Malaysian and Iranian universities. All of the universities in Iran are Islamic universities while there are a few none Islamic universities in Malaysia. There is a mosque in all Iranian universities which is located at the center of the university. Recently Iranian Islamic government has decided to separate males and females in the universities in which some universities only register males and other universities only register females. I dont think separating males and females in the university be a good idea because in this situation boys and girls wont be able to see each other and choose their future partner but in Malaysian universities boys and girls have the opportunity to make friend to each other and select their future partner. There are 3 different type of mosques in Malaysia namely Vernacular Mosques, Colonial Mosques, Modern Mosques. The third model is very similar to Iranian mosques and the following is a brief description of Modern Mosques in Malaysia: Many local architects were involved in the design of new mosques in Malaysia since independence. The architectural styles of the modern mosques have changed gradually in parallel with the development in structural advances, construction methods, contemporary designs of mosques as well as increased local interests toward Islamic architecture. With the advent of science and technology, modern mosques are constructed in a larger scale to accommodate the increasing number of Friday congregations. Concrete, bricks, steel, stone and marble are commonly used in the construction of modern mosques. Onion-shaped or top-shaped domes, tall minarets and high ceilings are common features found in the modern mosques. The modern mosques usually incorporate well-designed landscape elements including plants, water features, patterned pavements, garden lightings and signages. The Putra Mosque in the early morning The architectural styles of the modern mosque can be classified into two categories. The first category is the modern styles which emphasise the advancement in building technology and engineering. For example, the National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur has a minaret of 245 feet in height and an umbrella-like roof. The mosque was constructed of reinforced concrete faced with Italian marble. Its main prayer hall can accommodate more than 3,000 people for prayer at one time whilst its surrounding galleries, topped with numerous small domes, can hold an additional of 5,000 people. The mosque also has a number of rooms used for various functions such as a library, offices, royal guest rooms, Imams room and store rooms. The second category of modern mosque is the Islamic influences which incorporate the styles of many mosques found in Islamic countries including Turkey, the Middle East and Northern Africa. For instance, the design and colour of the Sultan Abdul Aziz Mosque in Shah Alam, Selangor was reflective of the infamous Ottoman mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. The mosque has four high minarets at the four corners of the building surrounded by well-kept landscape. Another example is the white-colour Ibai Mosque at Kuala Terengganu which was built on water and its architecture bears a resemblance to the Northern African mosque. Examples of modern mosques with modern structures are Sultan Ahmad I Mosque, Kuantan, Pahang (1964), National Mosque, Kuala Lumpur (1965), State Mosque, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan (1967), State Mosque, Kangar, Perlis (1972), Sultan Idris Shah II Mosque, Ipoh, Perak (1978), State Mosque, Penang (1980) and KLCC Mosque, Kuala Lumpur (1998). Examples of modern mosques with Islamic influence are Al-Malik Khalid Mosque, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang (1975), Sultan Abdul Aziz Mosque, Shah Alam, Selangor (1989) and Ibai Mosque of Kampung Cendering, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu (1994). 2-2 Iran From Cordoba to Delhi, from Sarajevo to the Niger, the mosque (masjid in Persian and Arabic) or house of prayer is the outstanding symbol of Islam, the focus of worship, and contemplation, the meeting place of man with man, and of man with God. Its forms are more varied and its uses more widespread than those of the Christian cathedral or church. While primarily a place of worship, it is also an assembly hall, often a religious college, sometimes a court of .justice, even, to some extent, a poor mans club. The majority of Iranian mosques conform, in whole or in part, to a plan that in Iran must be regarded as the norm. It consists of a an open central court, sometimes large enough to be planted with trees or flowers, with a large portal or ivan, on the side facing towards Mecca, which leads into a domed sanctuary. On the other three sides of the court there are arcades and altars and in the center of each side another, though smaller, ivan. To the left and right of the sanctuary there may be arcaded halls, and in addition balconies (often reserved for the use of women worshippers) from which a view of the mihrab can be obtained. In the grander mosques the south ivan, leading into the sanctuary, and sometimes also the north ivan, which is frequently the main entrance to the mosque. Minarets: The earliest minarets were square, at least in their lower stories, but few of these survive in Iran today. The round minaret originated in north-east Iran and was built of brick, tapering towards the summit. Until at least the thirteenth century, minarets were almost invariably single and placed in the north comer of the mosque. Since the fifteenth century minarets have generally been covered with mosaic or colored tiles, in the taste of the period. In general, Iran, compared with, say, Turkey; is markedly deficient in minarets. Only at Esfahan do they occupy a prominent place in the landscape. Shrines: Nearly every town in Iran has its quota of shrines, and the village or wayside shrines are a recurring feature of the Iranian landscape. In general they are modest, circular, four-sided or octagonal buildings, surmounted by a cone or dome. Many have charm but no great architectural merit; the famous shrines, rambling structures which have received additions from generations of the devout, are among the most splendid, and in some cases the most opulent, buildings in Iran. The lesser shrines, unlike the mosques, have a distinct re2jonal character. Tombs: Secular tombs fall into two clearly marked architectural categories -the domed mausoleum and the tomb tower. The former has certain affinities with the larger shrine. It is frequently octagonal rising through squinches and galleries into a circular dome. It is built for show, inside and out. meant to be visited. the last resting place of a chieftain who may have had no claim to sainthood, but expected to be duly revered when he was dead. Tomb towers, which are mainly confined to northern Iran. were conceived in a different spirit. They were gaunt, remote, solitary resting places, not meant to be frequented by admirers in generations to come. Palaces: There are substantial remains of Achaemenian and Sassanian palaces, impressive both in size and in detail, some of which, as at Persepolis, have been almost miraculously preserved; but when all is said they are ruins. Of Seljuk and Mongol royal residences, however, all trace has disappeared. It is only from Safavid times that royal houses have survived intact, and even then the crop is disappointing. For practical purposes, Safavid palaces are confined to Esfahan. Bridges: More essential for the maintenance of communications than caravansaries, the building of bridges, which where both sturdy and a pleasure to the eye, continued until recently. Well-constructed hump-backed bridges of ancient dates are to be found in many parts of the country -the outstanding examples of which you will see at Esfahan: the Allah Verdi Khan (1629) and the Khaju (1660). These two mighty structures are among the most impressive monuments in Esfahan, and are two of the most remarkable bridges in the world, of their kind, and still in service. MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND KINSHIP 3-1 Malaysia Since both Iran and Malaysia are Muslim countries, marriage in both countries are influence by Islam therefore there are many similarities between these two countries. The following shows the marriage in the Malaysian style and then marriage in the Iranian style will be illustrated after that. Marriage. Even with significant changes in marriage practices, weddings reveal the sharp differences in Malaysian society. There are two ways to marry: registering the union with the government; and joining in marriage before a religious authority. Christian Malaysians may marry Buddhists or Hindus answering only to their families and beliefs; Muslim Malaysians who marry non-Muslims risk government sanction unless their partner converts to Islam. Marriage practices emphasize Malaysias separate ethnic customs. Indians and Chinese undertake divination rites in search of compatibility and auspicious dates, while Malays have elaborate gift exchanges. Malay wedding feasts are often held in the home, and feature a large banquet with several dishes eaten over rice prepared in oil (to say one is going to eat oiled rice means that a wedding is imminent). Many Chinese weddings feature a multiple-course meal in a restaurant or public hall, and most Indian ceremonies include intricate rituals. S ince married partners join families as well as individuals, the meeting between prospective in-laws is crucial to the success of the union. For most Malaysians marriage is a crucial step toward adulthood. Although the average age for marriage continues to increase, being single into ones thirties generates concern for families and individuals alike. The social importance of the institution makes interethnic marriage an issue of considerable stress. Domestic Unit. Malaysian households have undergone a tremendous transformation following the changes in the economy. The shift from agricultural commodities to industrial production has made it difficult for extended families to live together. Yet as family mobility expands, as a result of modern schedules, efforts to maintain kin ties also increase. Improved telecommunications keep distant kin in contact, as does the efficient transportation network. A dramatic example of this occurs on the major holidays when millions return to hometowns for kin reunions. Inheritance. The critical issue of inheritance is land. With the importance Malays place on land ownership, it is rarely viewed as a commodity for sale, and the numerous empty houses that dot the Malaysian landscape are testament to their absentee-owners unwillingness to sell. Gold is also a valuable inheritance; Malaysians from all groups readily turn extra cash into gold as a form of insurance for the future. Kin Groups. The crucial kin distinctions in Malaysian culture are between ethnic groups, which tend to limit intermarriage. Among the majority of Malays, kin groups are more horizontal than vertical, meaning that siblings are more important than ancestors. Those considered Malay make appropriate marriage partners; non-Malays do not. These distinctions are somewhat flexible, however, and those that embrace Islam and follow Malay customs are admitted as potential Malay marriage partners. Greater flexibility in kinship practices also appears among immigrant groups amid the fresh possibilities created by diasporic life. A striking example is the Baba community, Chinese who immigrated prior to British rule and intermarried with locals, developing their own hybrid language and cultural style. These dynamics point to the varied kinship arrangements possible between the different ethnic communities in Malaysian society. 3-2 Iran Marriage. In Iran women control marriages for their children, and much intrigue in domestic life revolves around marital matters. A mother is typically on the lookout for good marriage prospects at all times. Even if a mother is diffident about marriage brokering, she is obliged to clear the path for a marriage proposal. She does this by letting her counterpart in the other family know that a proposal is forthcoming, or would be welcome. She then must confer with her husband, who makes the formal proposal in a social meeting between the two families. This kind of background work is essential, because once the children are married, the two families virtually merge, and have extensive rights and obligations vis-Ã ¡-vis each other that are close to a sacred duty. It is therefore extremely important that the families be certain that they are compatible before the marriage takes place. Marriage within the family is a common strategy, and a young man of marriageable age has an absolute right of first refusal for his fathers brothers daughter-his patrilateral parallel cousin. The advantages for the families in this kind of marriage are great. They already know each other and are tied into the same social networks. Moreover, such a marriage serves to consolidate wealth from the grandparents generation for the family. Matrilateral cross-cousin marriages are also common, and exceed parallel-cousin marriages in urban areas, due perhaps to the wifes stronger influence in family affairs in cities. Although inbreeding would seem to be a potential problem, the historical preference for marriage within the family continues, waning somewhat in urban settings where other considerations such as profession and education play a role in the choice of a spouse. In 1968, 25 percent of urban marriages, 31 percent of rural marriages, and 51 percent of tribal marriages were reported as endogamous. These percentages appear to have increased somewhat following the Revolution. In Iran today a love match with someone outside of the family is clearly not at all impossible, but even in such cases, except in the most westernized families, the family visitation and negotiation must be observed. Traditional marriages involve a formal contract drawn up by a cleric. In the contract a series of payments are specified. The bride brings a dowry to the marriage usually consisting of household goods and her own clothing. A specified amount is written into the contract as payment for the woman in the event of divorce. The wife after marriage belongs to her husbands household and may have difficulty visiting her relatives if her husband does not approve. Nevertheless, she retains her own name, and may hold property in her own right, separate from her husband. The wedding celebration is held after the signing of the contract. It is really a prelude to the consummation of the marriage, which takes place typically at the end of the evening, or, in rural areas, at the end of several days celebration. In many areas of Iran it is still important that the bride be virginal, and the bedsheets are carefully inspected to ensure this. A wise mother gives her daughter a vial of chicken blood just in case. The new couple may live with their relatives for a time until they can set up their own household. This is more common in rural than in urban areas. Iran is an Islamic nation, and polygyny is allowed. It is not widely practiced, however, because Iranian officials in this century have followed the Islamic prescription that a man taking two wives must treat them with absolute equality. Women in polygynous marriages hold their husbands to this and will seek legal relief if they feel they are disadvantaged. Statistics are difficult to ascertain, but one recent study claims that only 1 percent of all marriages are polygynous. Divorce is less common in Iran than in the West. Families prefer to stay together even under difficult circumstances, since it is extremely difficult to disentangle the close network of interrelationships between the two extended families of the marriage pair. One recent study claims that the divorce rate is 10 percent in Iran. For Iranians moving to the United States the rate is 66 percent, suggesting that cultural forces tend to keep couples from separating. Children of a marriage belong to the father. After a divorce, men assume custody of boys over three years and girls over seven. Women have been known to renounce their divorce payment in exchange for custody of their children. There is no impediment to remarriage with another partner for either men or women. Domestic Unit. In traditional Iranian rural society the dinner cloth often defines the minimal family. Many branches of an extended family may live in rooms in the same compound. However, they may not all eat together on a daily basis. Sons and their wives and children are often working for their parents in anticipation of a birthright in the form of land or animals. When they receive this, they will leave and form their own separate household. In the meantime they live in their parents compound, but have separate eating and sleeping arrangements. Even after they leave their parents home, members of extended families have widespread rights to hospitality in the homes of even their most distant relations. Indeed, family members generally carry out most of their socializing with each other. Inheritance. Inheritance generally follows rules prescribed by Islamic law. Male children inherit full shares of their fathers estate, wives and daughters half-shares. An individual may make a religious bequest of specific goods or property that are then administered by the ministry of waqfs. Kin Groups. The patriarch is the oldest male of the family. He demands respect from other family members and often has a strong role in the future of young relatives. In particular it is common for members of an extended family to spread themselves out in terms of professions and influence. Some will go into government, others into the military, perhaps others join the clergy, and some may even become anti-government oppositionists. Families will attempt to marry their children into powerful families as much for their own sake as for the son or daughter. The general aim for the family is to extend its influence into as many spheres as possible. As younger members mature, older members of the family are expected to help them with jobs, introductions, and financial support. This is not considered corrupt or nepotistic, but is seen rather as one of the benefits of family membership.

Context reflects values Essay

Context is a clear reflection of the values of any era, especially in Shakespeare’s canonical play Hamlet. The events and characters in Hamlet embodies the historical context of shifting religions and political uncertainty that lead to a society imploding. Composed in the 1600s, the murder of a king and the encroachment of foreign power would have had particular resonance for the audience as there was an innate failed invasion of Britain by Spain and an attempted assassination in the Court of Queen Elizabeth I. Additionally, the character Hamlet in this Elizabethan era represents the uncertainty of Christian values and the Renaissance need for restoring the ordained hierarchy. Hamlet was composed in a time of great political uncertainty in English history in which the Queen Elizabeth I had withstood an assassination attempt, a foiled uprising and a failed invasion by Spain. The events of Hamlet , in which a King is murdered and a country ultimately forfeited to foreign power, would have had particular resonance for an Elizabethan audience. This disorder can be seen through the garden imagery woven through the play: â€Å"unweeded garden in two months dead†. The disorder of the country is also seen through the incongruity of Gertrude and Claudius’s reunion: â€Å"Funeral bak’t meals are coldly furnished forth the marriage tables† The period in which Shakespeare wrote was one of explosive growth in knowledge. The Renaissance has seen a revival of Classical learning (reflected in references to Vigil in Hamlet), world exploration was challenged and revolutionising peoples’ conceptions of the universe with Ptolemaic heliocentric (sun-centered) model. Though Hamlet is an appropriation of a story told by Saxo Grammaticus, the ‘Revenge Tragedy’ prototype of Thomas Kyd and the Senecan Tragedy, Shakespeare transcends other tragedies by creating a protagonist that is more complex as Hamlet is a revenge hero that is reluctant to avenge. Through his inner conflict arising from his tragic flaw- procrastination, Hamlet represents the dichotomy of Christian values and the Renaissance need for order in the Elizabethan era. This conflict is crystallised in the Prayer Scene (III,iii)  when Hamlet is passing through to his mother’s room when he comes upon the kneeling Claudius and recognises that he has an opportunity to kill him. He decides not to since, he reasons, if he kills his uncle at prayer Claudius will go to heaven and not to hell – that would be poor revenge. However, according to A.C. Bradley, this is Hamlet’s fatal flaw – procrastination as Hamlet tries to convince himself that this is his duty: â€Å"Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge†, yet is moral code prevents him from avenging. To this point, the audience is convinced that even if Hamlet was to kill Claudius at prayer, Claudius would not go to heaven like what Hamlet had thought because of Claudius’s ironic couplet: â€Å"My words fly up, my thought remain below/ Words without thought never to heaven go†. Hamlet’s conflict is also caused by his humanitarian self, denoted through his soliloquies and paralleling the age of enlightenment. In his soliloquy, he debates the medieval doctrines that demand for a son to absolve his father’s ‘murder’ with conflicting Christianity. In a bitter tone, his despair is denoted through self-laceration: â€Å"lecherous, kindles villain†. Yet this is again an excuse for procrastinating as his frustration at ‘thought’ prevails over any kind of ‘resolution’. In conclusion, it is obvious that the values of any era are reflected through its context. The events and characters in Hamlet mirrors the innate instability and religious upheaval of the 1600s.

Common Numbering Systems Used in Genealogy

Have you ever been elated at the discovery of a compiled family history for your ancestors, only to find yourself confused by all of the numbers and what they mean? Family lineages presented in text, rather than in graphical format, require an organizational system to allow the user to easily follow lines down through descendants or back toward the original ancestors. These standard numbering systems are used to show relationships between generations in a family tree. In other words, who is connected to whom. When numbering your genealogy, it is best to adopt a well-established system that is easily interpreted. Even if youre using a genealogy software program to compile your family history, it is still important to understand the differences and formats of the most widely-used numbering systems. If you plan to publish your family history, genealogical quarterlies, magazines, and other publications may require a specific format, or a friend may send you a pedigree chart that uses one of these numbering systems. It isnt necessarily important to learn the ins and outs of every numbering system, but it helps to have at least a general understanding. Common Genealogical Numbering Systems While genealogy numbering systems vary in their organization, they all have in common the practice of identifying individuals and their relationships through a specific numbering sequence. Most numbering systems are used to display descendants of a given ancestor, while one, the ahnentafel, is used to display the ancestors of an individual. Ahnentafel - From a German word meaning ancestor table, an ahnentafel is an ancestor based numbering system. Good for presenting a lot of information in a compact format, and the most popular numbering system for ascending genealogies.Register Numbering System - Based on the numbering system used by the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, the register system is one of several options for numbering descendant reports.NGSQ Numbering System - Sometimes referred to as the Modified Register System from which it was adapted and modernized, this popular descendant numbering system is used in the National Genealogical Society Quarterly and in many other family history publications.Henry Numbering System - Yet another descendant numbering system, the Henry System is named after Reginald Buchanan Henry, who used it in his Genealogies of the Families of the Presidents. published in 1935. This system is less often used than the Register and NGSQ systems and is not accepted for cert ification projects or by most genealogical publications.

Verbing - The Process of Turning Nouns Into Verbs

In a single work day, we might head a task force, eye an opportunity, nose around for good ideas, mouth a greeting, elbow an opponent, strong-arm a colleague, shoulder the blame, stomach a loss, and finally, perhaps,  hand in our resignation. What were doing with all those body parts is called verbing--using nouns (or occasionally other parts of speech) as verbs. Verbing is a time-honored way of coining new words out of old ones, the etymological process of conversion (or functional shifting). Sometimes its also a kind of wordplay (anthimeria), as in Shakespeares King Richard the Second when the Duke of York says, Grace me no grace, and uncle me no uncles. Does Verbing Weird Language? Calvin and Hobbes once discussed verbing in Bill Wattersons great comic strip: Calvin: I like to verb words.​Hobbes: What?Calvin: I take nouns and adjectives and use them as verbs. Remember when access was a thing? Now its something you do. It got verbed. . . . Verbing weirds language.Hobbes: Maybe we can eventually make language a complete impediment to understanding. Echoing Hobbes, countless language mavens have decried the practice of verbing--a filthy habit according to an editorial in Britains Guardian newspaper 20 years ago: Let us now resolve to bury . . . a practice which, in the closing months of the year, seemed increasingly to be defacing the English language: the pressing of decent defenceless nouns, which have gone about their business for centuries without giving the mildest offence or provocation, into service as verbs, sometimes in their original form but quite often after a process of horrible mutilation. Evidence of mutilated neologisms at that time included gift, diary, fax, fixture, message, example, and a doughnut  -- all functioning as verbs. Even the affable Richard Lederer has expressed impatience (or was he impatiented?) with verbing: We ought to accept new words that add color or vigor, but lets short-shrift the ones that dont. Wed like to guilt some writers and speakers into the habit of using words better instead of creating mutants the language doesnt need.(Richard Lederer and Richard Downs, The Write Way: The S.P.E.L.L. Guide to Real-Life Writing. Simon and Schuster, 1995) Love em or loathe em, a number of nouns have recently verbed their way into our conversations and dictionaries, including to contact, to impact, to access, to party, to author, to transition, to privilege, and to workshop. Verbing Makes English English New forms of words--as well as new uses for old words--take some getting used to. But the truth is, if those forms and uses stick around for awhile, we do get used to them. Psychologist Steven Pinker estimates that up to a fifth of English verbs are derived from nouns--including such ancient verbs as rain, snow, and thunder along with more recent converts like oil, pressure, referee, bottle, debut, audition, highlight, diagnose, critique, email, and mastermind. In fact, Pinker reminds us, easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English English (The Language Instinct, 1994). For your amusement or annoyance, lets close (a 13th-century verb that became a noun a century later) with a few contemporary specimens of verbing: When the smart guys started this business of securitizing things that didnt even exist in the first place, who was running the firms they worked for?(quoted by Calvin Trillin in Wall Street Smarts. The New York Times, October 13, 2009)We talked about the project. We dialogued--passionately yet civilly--remembering our earlier discussions about the need for all of us to practice active listening, agree to disagree, . . . using I think and I feel statements, solicit others opinions, and practice the Platinum Rule of treating others how they want to be treated. We dialogued and dialogued.(Christine M. Cress et al., Learning Through Serving: A Student Guidebook for Service-Learning Across the Disciplines. Stylus Publishing, 2005)It takes a certain kind of teacher to turn a teenage student who regularly truanted PE lessons into a county athlete in a matter of months.(Liz Ford, New Teachers and Old, Excelling All Round. The Guardian, July 3, 2007)For sports lovers, you can try to get a bat or a golf club personally signatured by one of their favorite sportspersons, which is bound to be a real treat.(Exotic Christmas Gift Ideas at the website Christmas Gifts Guide, 2009)An amateur baseball powerhouse, Cuba joined the tournament in 1939 and immediately beat Nicaragua for the title. Since then, it has won 25 titles in 37 tournaments and has medaled 29 times.(Benjamin Hoffman, U.S. in Contention at 2009 Baseball World Cup. The New York Times, September 19, 2009) In 10 or 20 years well revisit these upstart verbs to see how many have gained full admittance to the language.